Comparing Ulysses Essay Example for Free

Comparing Ulysses EssayBoth Ulysses and Macbeth were able to gain power of kingship, but the way they gained the powers ar different. In this essay I am going to compare how they regard power, both differently and similarly. I intend to use Heinemann, (1994), version of Macbeth by Shakespeare and the year handout of Ulysses. The main focus of Macbeth will be from Act1 Scene 7, lines 1-28 and Act 2 Scene 1, line 33-61, whilst I will also take line of other related part throughout the play. Since master key Tennyson and William Shakespeare are from different era in the history, their perspective of the world will be different, therefore I will also mention about Shakespeares and Lord Tennysons different perspective towards power and language they used. Most great writers reflect their attitude to life on their work, so it is important to consider the social and historical background of the Jacobeans- the time when Shakespeare wrote the play, and the Victorian time, when Lord Te nnyson was alive.In Victorian times, Britain was a powerful country. There were illimitable opportunities for mainly the upper class people to broaden their knowledge by going to new places and experience the foreign cultures. When Lord Tennyson wrote this poem, he was grieving all over his best friends death. By writing this poem he was able to express his emotional feeling as well as to persuade him to let it go. He also had the opportunities to tell people that it is never too late to seek a newer world.For examples, Ulysses new world would be the after life world and Lord Tennysons new world would be the world without his best friend. At the end of Macbeth, the moral we get is that never to cross the line of cleric Order. During Jacobean time, they believed that the craft of the King is chosen by God They believed that e genuinely living organism has an order and it is decided by God, this is call the Divine Order. If one decides to go against the Divine Order, like killing the King to be the monarchy himself then, he had done something that is very morbid during the Jacobeans going against God.Shakespeare tried show that by the cost of Macbeth have to administration after he had murdered the King, one example is that he lost his respects from his courtiers and at the end he was all by himself. Jacobeans were also very superstitious they believed that witches are evil because they worship demon, so if there was a plague or a natural disaster, they blamed on the witches they are offshoot put to trials and then was executed, mainly hanged or burned. Because Shakespeare made Macbeth associate with the witches by talking and worse of all trusting them, that made Macbeth evil.Shakespeare did this to please his King, King James, as he was against the supernatural and was able help King James to spread the evilness of the witches through his play. The poem, Ulysses started by a slow rhythm. Lord Tennyson managed this by utilise the words with long vowels s uch as, hoard, and sleep, and feed. These words give us the sense of dullness and mundane, which was how Ulysses feels at the beginning. However, as we go further down the poem, the dullness was mitigate as he started to talk about his adventurous days.

The Causes Of World War One Essay Example for Free

The Causes Of World War One EssayIn the immediate view, it seems that there are twain main arguments attributed to the origins of the basic World War. One is that the state of fightfare was aforethought(ip), the other that it occurred due to accident and miscalculation. I aim to give a detailed analysis of these two arguments with the focus being on the main European powers at the time Germ some(prenominal), Great Britain, France and Russia. It is my view that the firstborn World War was effectively planned, every(prenominal) be it for a later date, and that due to some miscalculations, it was then brought for contendfared so that war would break out in Europe in August 1914. victimisation sources from various historians, I will argue this point of a planned war blaming it almost solely on the part of the German Empire and livery in the other side of the argument, that the kickoff World War was the result of accident and miscalculation. The most important idea in the argument that Germany planned the First World War is to be found in the Foreign Policies that she pursued from the late Nineteenth Century to the outbreak of war in 1914. It was the view that no matter how achieved, a German dominated Europe would provide a successful base for the ideal of Weltpolitik. This idea of Weltpolitik was the aim at the head of the power structure of German Foreign Policy it gave the nonion of a man mission, but an aggressive one, a mission where no man or nation would tie in the way of its targets.The key point when describing German Foreign Policy before 1914 is of their willingness to risk war for their own gains in order to achieve world domination and the status of a major power. Michael Gordon argues that this war Germany risked did not, in their minds, involve Britain their gravidest rival As far as German polity is concerned, its prep to risk war for its own ends any a local Balkan war fought by its ally in Vienna or a larger, continental -sized war in which it, France and Russia participated now seems unshakably established. therefore it seems that by 1914, the Germans had already decided that some form of war would occur. It is excessively evident that she had a clear plan of her ambitions and soldiery aims later undone by her miscalculation of British and Russian policy which would result in a German dominated Europe By either one of these two wars the German government thought its interests would be served at minimum, a successful localised war kept limited by Russias livelihood off in fear would in the German view probably break up the Franco-Russian alliance, shore up the tottering Austro-Hungarian Empire, and clear the way in Central Europe for an eventual German breakthrough to successful Weltpolitik.It is my view that German Foreign Policy therefore fixed a planned war. This planned war may select been intended to be a fairly localised affair, but then the Germans had obviously either been misled o r been ignorant to the stances of twain Britain and Russia concerning this idea. Gordon argues that German leaders did not consciously aim at it , but that world war merely emanated from continental war in 1914. The previous German generation were devotees of the world policy , devised by Bismarck but taken up and massively extended by his successor Kaiser Wilhelm II. On his accession to the German throne in July 1888, Wilhelm quickly laid out his programme for country he wanted to secure Germany a place in the sun . This could have meant anything, but translated, it meant that the basic and primary idea was to destroy Englands position in the world to Germanys advantage . Further translated, the Kaisers ideas aspire to the German jealousy of Britain and her wealth, colonial rule, industrialization and above all, world naval supremacy. Previous wars of the early Twentieth Century, for example, the Sino-Japanese and Boer Wars had proved the importance of sea power. Fritz Fischer ar gues that the construction of a great fleet was at the gist of Germanys political plans and that to build such a supreme fleet was the only way of catching up with Britain and being equal to other world powers. again this jealousy is re-iterated by the lack of self-belief from the German government. We can see therefore, that her Foreign Policy was aggressive when it need not have been and that the idea of Weltpolitik was base on insurances from her huge army and navy. The government now had the full backing of groups of industry, which now heavily concentrated on shipbuilding. Pre-war German Foreign Policy can be summed up by Max Schinkel, the director of Germanys second largest bank the broader basis in Europe was necessary for laying economic foundations of German world policy It can be argued that this world policy originated under Bismarckian rule, but it is my view that Bismarck merely fuelled the German people with ideas and the accession of Wilhelm made true that these ch anges were not only made, but also radically altered and put harshly into place. All armies make plans. further do they make such ad hoc and intentional plans as the Germans did before the First World War? The main case that people think Germany planned the war is due to the Schlieffen Plan. However, as conjuration Keegan argues, the Schlieffen Plan was merely a military affair with military objectives if such a conflict in Europe arose.However it did contain very particular proposition aims in conformism with where the first blows would be made and then where the majority of fighting would take place In no sense did it precipitate the First World War Neither did its failure it was a plan for a quick victory in a short war Nevertheless, Schlieffens plan dictated where the wars focus would lie and through its innate flaws, the possibility of its protraction. I believe that what Schlieffen had in mind was a purely military plan, if, by chance, such a crisis arose. I do not belie ve that Schlieffen himself had anything to do with how the war came into being he was purely commissioned to draft such a plan. However, the Kaiser, who wanted this war plan drawn up, did have many ulterior motives. He is the main figure in Germany at this time and it is very much as what he says goes. No one would dare question him due to his absolute intolerance of argumentative characters.What Schlieffen came up with was a plan pregnant with dangerous suspense the uncertainty of the quick victory it was designed to achieve the greater uncertainty of what would follow if it did not attain its intended object. it seems, therefore, that the Germans, although they had this plan, had no kind of backup or choice strategy. That idea is typical of the Kaisers character. On many occasions he would just throw everything out of the window and go for his objectives by the shortest possible route. This also confirms and is affirm by the definition of Weltpolitik that no man or nation would stand in the way of Germany. Did other countries have war plans? Yes, of course, but none were as grandiose and as specific as the German idea. The French war plan confirmed her timidity in the face of her great enemy Germany. At first, they toyed with the idea of defence of the common frontier in the event of war , as A French attack was though impossible by reason of disparity of numbers. A static French population of forty million could not challenge an expanding German population already fifty million self-coloured and rising fast ..However, this was later disposed of and after some altercation concerning which was the best form of attack, Plan XVII was created in April 1913 but kept privy(p) until the outbreak of war which dictated a headlong attack across the common Franco-German frontier, into Lorraine and towards the Rhine . This then became the French war plan. It was minimal and uncomplicated compared to that of Germany and in my whimsy how a war plan should be set o ut. I believe a war plan should contain certain objectives, but mostly a lot of room to manoeuvre as there is always the problem of miscalculation (which Germany will later become the victim of). It is Fischers view (and I am inclined to agree with him) that it is the idea of world power and German domination that led to the outbreak of war. He argues that Germanys claim to world power was based on her consciousness of being a young, growing and rising nation . This national expansion on all fronts meant that Germany was developing into a highly industrialised trade country. However she was running out of options, with so many enemies, of finding markets and raw materials.This did not affect the Germans and played right into their hands and their world mission idea. by dint of this forced change of markets, she shifted her trade from the traditions of Britain, France and Europe to a worldwide trade in 1913 the share of Europe in her imports and exports had gone down by 30 per cent overseas countries, the tropics and above all South America, were supplying an increasing proportion of her raw materials. This advance of Germany in the world of business was based on the expansion of the great iron and steel industry, however new industries, including global communications, were starting to become successful. Therefore this reinforces the view that Germany was becoming a great power and that the people themselves through the Kaisers erratic ideas thought that they were becoming a real force and that the world mission was now a realistic target. It had already been proven that naval power was an incredibly important asset for a country to own to free herself from dependence on British ships.., to enable her to arrest her exports, financed by her own capital, to their markets abroad without British middle-men, Germany had to have her own merchant marine. the idea of this new naval power was that it would protect shipping and force Britain to study her as an equ al.However I believe that the new German Navy was a status symbol as much as it was a decent weapon, as all of these domestic policies were geared towards strengthening Germany and therefore, it being easier to weaken other countries. Moreover, with her lack of raw materials, it became difficult for Germany to maintain her penetration of world markets the slightness of her raw materials market became increasingly apparent, and as she penetrated much deeply into world markets, this narrowness became more irksome. by now we can see the extent of Germanys (but predominantly the Kaisers) ideas. It is clear that there are no alternatives but to go for the highest objective by the quickest route, ignoring all other possibilities. I believe that these policies were absurd considering how about they were to fulfilling their goal of Weltpolitik. When taking into account the second argument that the First World War was the result of accident and miscalculation, I do not believe that any causes of the war can be attributed to accident, because when nations have such rigid policies and plans concerning Foreign and Domestic Policies and long-term war plans, it is impossible to see how any accidents can happen.However there were a miscalculations made, although I do not believe that these miscalculations were direct causes of the First World War. The idea of a German dominated Europe and all of Germanys war plans were greatly undone by her total miscalculation of British and Russian policy. As previously mentioned German Policy makers believed that their fight would be a short, successful and localised affair, due to Russia being too weak to try to deal with Germany now this Great Power at minimum, a successful, localised war kept limited by Russias backing off in fear it is clear that the Germans really thought that Russia was basically insignificant. They drew this conclusion from the fact that Russia had already fought in a large war less than ten years earlier t he Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5 as Russias drive across Asia and the Far-East continued. However, either by Russias parsimoniousness or by Germanys lack of detailed research, the German government did not realise that Russia would be able, not only to defend herself, but also to attack Germany. After much confrontation in the Balkans, Kaiser Wilhelm II was convinced that we shall soon see the third chapter of the Balkan wars in which we shall be involved .He was convinced that the dimension of powers depended on that in the Balkans. It was to be these relatively small Balkan Wars that would lead to world war. The Kaiser gave the notion that Germany could deal with that though and therefore started to lay out diplomatic ideas for war with Russia. I believe that a German-Russian war was always going to occur it was just a matter of when. In conversation with Archduke Franz Ferdinand the German Ambassador to Serbia the Kaiser argued that it was spanking for Austria-Hungary her g reat ally to take action against Serbia, and that Russia wouldnt oppose, as she was by no means ready for war . However, with the assassination of Ferdinand by the Serbs, Germany agreed that the Balkan crisis was irreconcilable. Therefore, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and this was a move designed to improve Germanys position for eventual war with Russia. However, German assumption that Russia wasnt ready for war and wouldnt oppose Austria-Hungarys actions proved to be mistaken. Therefore, this eventual German-Russian war followed by four days and not four years as it had been laid out to do in 1917 in accordance with the Schlieffen Plan. However, Wilhelms arrogance and stupidity grew further.He saw the German-Russian war merely as a nuisance and that the Russian recovery gave them an unexpected problem, as their main objective was to acquire extra European Empire at Britains expense. I believe it was Russias attitude that Germany miscalculated, as she was and always has b een a very secretive nation. We can also see through the alliances, how this conflict merged into world war. Moreover Germany underestimated Britain. She saw her archrival as being merely a diplomatic power, which was not big luxuriant or daring enough to risk war for the sake of others. I believe it was this German attitude and her supposed increased threat that caused Britain to intervene militarily, more than her alliance with Russia. Therefore due to these great miscalculations, the Schlieffen Plan became void and Germany found herself encircled and in a world war situation. I have already mentioned that Schlieffens plan was pregnant with dangerous uncertainty of what would follow if it did not attain its intended objectives , and that is precisely what happened. Since the Germans had no backup plan, they forced themselves into a situation for which they werent prepared.Keegan in the long run points out that Secret plans determined that any crisis not settled by sensible diplo macy would, in the circumstances prevailing in Europe in 1914 lead to general war. In conclusion, I agree with Keegan, that through all events, war became an inevitable prospect. However through my arguments and chosen sources we can see that the First World War was ultimately planned and due to miscalculation on Germanys part, brought forward to August 1914. Moreover, her argument that the war was the result of accident and miscalculation does not stand up. This is shown mostly in Fischers argument that ultimately she could have prevented a world war even though she planned some kind of war such was her control over Europe at this time.BIBLIOGRAPHYFISCHER, F., Germanys Aims in the First World War (London Chatto Windus, 1967) GORDON, M., Domestic Conflict and the Origins of the First World War The British and the German Cases, Journal of Modern History, vol. 46 (1974) KAISER, D., Germany and the Origins of the First World War, Journal of Modern History, vol. 55 (1983) KEEGAN J., The First World War (London Pimlico, 1999) KEIGER, J., France and the Origins of the World War (London McMillan, 1983) WEHLER, H-U., The German Empire 1871-1918 (1985) WILSON, K., European Diplomacy 1871-1914, in PUGH, M, ed, A Companion to Modern European History 1871-1945 (Oxford Blackwell, 1997)

The role of violence in prostitution

The role of military force in whoredomThis essay will discuss the theories that come through behind this statement and will look beyond the nonion that whoredom involves violence to the vilify herself (which often it does). There atomic number 18 differing views on this statement which unremarkably depend on which philosophical theory is being put forward. Radical feminists as a whole support the view that prostitution is familiar violence for the reasons discussed below.Radical feminists view prostitution as a variant of male dominance and exploitation over women and which reinforces the representing patriarchal order of society. They think that prostitution has a very(prenominal) negative and detrimental effect both on the prostitutes themselves and on the whole of society because stereotypical views of women are reinforced when they are viewed as sexual urgeual objects which exist for the amusement and delectation of men.The main objection to prostitution by feminists i s the male dominance angle, whereby the man who buys the woman has sex with her, but it is non an enjoyable experience and she is forced to try and dissociate herself from the man. In this way she is a mere object of pleasure for the man and the sex act is not presumption on an equal or mutual basis. The woman is thus reduced to a conduit for the mans gratification. These feminists believe that m whatsoever clients use the services of a prostitute because they derive satisfaction from the power trip and the go over they exercise over the woman during the sex encounter. Catharine MacKinnon thinks that prostitution isnt sex only, its you do what I say, sex.1Prostitution is befooln as a product of the patriarchal societal order in which men are superior to women and where the gender inequality is present in all walks of life. much(prenominal) views consider that prostitution perpetuates the notion that women can be bought and sold like a commodity, providing sexual services for th e sole purpose of satisfying men. Feminists are very critical of the patriarchal ideology which has justified prostitution throughout time. This ideology sees prostitution as a necessary evil with men unable to witness their desires and so it is necessary for a small number of women to sacrifice their life and be used and abused by men in order that the volume can be protected from infringement and abuse. Here prostitution is seen as form of slavery. These feminists argue that in fact prostitution does not reduce the incidents of rape but in fact it leads to a noticeable increase in sexual violence against women by letting men think it is perfectly unimpeachable to treat a woman as a sexual repository over which they have ultimate see to it.In Nevada, the only American state which permits sanctioned brothels, Melissa Farley argues that the states high rape rate is directly connected to legal prostitution.2Nevada ranks fourth out of the fifty states for sexual assault crimes an d its rape rate is higher(prenominal) than the American just. Given that brothels are legal in Nevada one would expect that it would be at the bottom end of the scale in the number of much(prenominal) crimes. Farley argues that legal prostitution creates an environment where women are not humans equal to men and are thus disrespected by men which in turn leads to change magnitude violence against women.Feminists argue that prostitution is detrimental to society and that when society accepts it, the message is sent that it is irrelevant how the woman feels during sex. Some countries are addressing the undesirability of prostitution and in 1999 Sweden became the freshman country to nark paying for sex a crime although being a prostitute was not criminalised. Other countries including Norway and Iceland followed Swedens lead in 1999. These laws reinforce the views of feminists who in their opposition to prostitution also conclude that it is not a practice which can be do safe by reformation and thus they point out any harm reduction approach. one(a) former Canadian prostitute, Trisha Baptie now campaigns to outlaw the buying of sexual favours and she has said that Harm reduction? You cant make prostitution safer prostitution is violence in itself. It is rape, the money only appeases mens guilt.3In this view although the prostitute is seen to be consenting to sex, her acquiescence is not freely given and the payment just makes the man think that he has not committed rape because the woman has received a financial benefit.These so called radical feminists see prostitution as a form of violence against women and are adamant that it should be made illegal as in Sweden. These feminists are particularly scathing of another feminist point of view which argues that prostitution should be legalised because it is here to stay. The radical feminists argue that rape and murder have also existed for numerous long time and will continue to do so, but no one argues that rape and murder should be made legal. The radical feminists who campaign against the notion of legalising prostitution in order to control and regulate it thereby reducing its harmful effects compare this to the abhorrent notion of legalising domestic violence in order to control and reduce its harmful effects. Just as you cannot legislate to make domestic violence a little bit better the same applies to prostitution. This attitude evolves from their view that prostitution is sexual violence and should be treated as such whereby it should be eradicated not controlled in their eyes.Another major objection to prostitution easygoing by feminists is that in just about cases a woman who enters into prostitution does not do so on the basis of a cold calculated finality because they are forced by a pimp or human trafficking, the latter being an example of enforced prostitution. Even where the decision is patently made voluntarily and rationally it often stems from chronic problems ea rlier in life. Such problems usually revolve around drug addiction, childhood sexual abuse and resembling unsavoury circumstances. In other words, the feminist argument views the decision to become a prostitute as spawning and emanating directly from such earlier experiences and circumstances. If the consent is abstracted then you end up with compliance at best. Capacity is vital in making an informed decision and according to one study the average age of children when they become prostitutes is twelve at which age they are not of sufficient age to consent to sex.4They see such women being driven into prostitution which means that sexual violence they may have experienced in childhood or adolescence is extended through their adult lives through prostitution. Feminists argue that most women enter prostitution against their own volition. Prostitutes are generally made up of women from the lower socio economic classes including poor and uneducated women from the most disadvantaged rac ial and social minorities MacKinnon 1993. MacKinnon also argues that In prostitution, women have sex with men thay would never otherwise have sex with. The money thus acts as a form of force, not a measure of consent, It acts like physical force does in rape.5Some scholars of prostitution maintain that genuine consent in prostitution is not plausible. One has to search at great lengths through academic literature to find many authors who agree that authentic consent is possible or at least(prenominal) likely.6Trauma research has been criticized for its failure to attend to social attitudes and behaviors which cause trauma. One of Vanwesenbeecks (1994) respondents described prostitution as volunteer slavery, clearly articulating both the appearance of select and the overwhelming coercion behind that choice. The extreme violence suffered by these respondents suggests that we can not view prostitution as a neutral activity or simply as a vocational choice. Instead, prostitution must be understood as sexual violence against women (Kemp, Rawlings, Green, 1991). The focus of attention is on changing a social system,which makes prostitution possible.An alternative view of prostitution emanates from the libertarian pro sex work perspective who oppose the radical feminists view that prostitution amounts to sexual violence whereby the sexual act occurs because of coercion exploitation and domination by men. Pro sex feminists argue that prostitution can be an affirmation by women that they have autonomy over their bodies. As such prostitution is an informed and genuinely free choice. Some prostitutes are high class call girls who are well educated and sophisticated women. They realise that at the upper end of the market there are huge sums of money to be made for seemingly very little effort.Pro-sex feminists argue that the selling of sexual favours need not be inherently exploitative and that and accordingly deny that it is sexual violence.Pro sex workers such as C arol Queen argue that the radical feminists who oppose prostitution and view it as sexual violence have failed to take into flier the views and opinions of prostitutes themselves, preferring to rely in theory and obsolete experiences.7Pro sex feminists view the prostitute as being in control and that they in fact control the man as they set the price.Prostitution is seen by some as sexual violence which brings massive economic rewards for some involved. The sex industry, like any other worldwide enterprise, has numerous sectors based in various locations which are controlled by various managers and is expanding as the law and public opinion allow.8Whether or not one decides if prostitution is sexual violence depends on your view as to the reasons why women participate in prostitution. If prostitution is viewed as a legal form of rape then undoubtedly you will agree with the proposition. It can also be viewed as a form of emotional violence with prostitutes becoming emotionally batt ered. The radical feminists gender based view that prostitution is a form of male sexual violence against women does not address the fact that male prostitutes exist

Ergonomic Factors in Workplace Accidents

Ergonomic Factors in Workplace AccidentsCritically evaluate the ergonomic component parts that may lead to incidents or accidents in the regulateplace environment. You should make reference to relevant examples where appropriate. It is essential that you research the current scientific literature on this subject and that you rehearse this literature to support your critical discussion throughout.Introduction biotech (Ahonen, M., Launis, M., Kuorinka, T.,1989) is a branch of plan science, it accords the factors such as peoples psychology, peoples physiology, and personate structure to design the hand tools, machines, ho enjoyment of goods and services progress tos accessories, etcetera, in order to guarantee peoples security, written report healthily, comfortably, and satisfied working results. Ergonomics has absorbed the extensive knowledge contents of natural science and social scienceDuring domain of a function War II, because of the production of various modern weapon s, designers must consider the users physiology and psychological characteristic conscientiously, and study how to make the machine in conformity with peoples ability desexualise and characteristic, thus the ergonomics has produced. Today, the ergonomics designs be widely used in the world (Alexander, D., Rabourn, R., 2001).In the study of ergonomics, the size of every part of merciful body, the persons vision and normal physiological value of the sense of hearing, the posture when people are working, human scope of activities, movement rhythm and speed, the muscle intensity, all are recorded (Bailey, R. W., 1989). Since those labor condition would causes the tire, fatigue, small amount damage to human body. Further much, the workplace environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, sound, vibration, illumination, color, smell of the environment are alike a study area in ergonomics. Because those environmental conditions excessively causes the tire, fatigue, small amou nt damage to human body (Chengalur, S.N., Rodgers, S.H., Bernard, T.E., 2003).The study on peoples working carriage and produce various factors of the behavioral difference in ergonomic these factors usher out be drawn together. It includes subjective factors such as age, gender, personal intelligence, culture engineering level, working interest and working motive, personality characteristic, working mood, etc. At the same time, the Ergonomics expert/researcher also study the social factor of living in objective factors such as the environment, equipment performance, condition of work, etc. These factors make peoples has a difference to the intensity of adaptation to various hand tools, fixture, machine, or equipment (Eastman Kodak Company, 2003). .Ergonomic Related InjuryErgonomic injuries include Repetitive Motion Injuries (RMIs), Repetitive Stress Injuries (RSIs), Cumulative suffering Disorders (CTDs), Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs), or Cumulative Trauma Injuries (CTIs) (Ar mstrong, T. J., Kilbom, A., Violante, F. , 2000) (Arndt, R., Putz-Anderson, V. , 2002).The Ergonomic injuries (Hancock, P. A., Desmond, P. A., 2000). normally caused by the presence of ergonomic related risk factors (Aghazadeh, F.,1994), they areVibration People uses impact tools or vibrating equipment.Awkward Body Postures maintaining ill at ease(p) or fixed or posture without any support such as twisting, reaching, or bending.Repetition the people doing the same and repetitive motions for a wide time.Force The pressure applied to any part of human body composition working such as gripping a hand tool, pulling, lifting, or pushing, pulling.Contact Stress pressure applied to any soft tissues of human body while working such as the as the articulatio radiocarpea touch by sharp edges or hand tools.Exposure to heat or coldIt is often these risk factors over time can lead to combinations of pain, wounding and disability when people may cause injury, sustained exposure to ergono mic risk factors (Alston, G. (2003).Single event may place a stressed body tissues, only the exposure is too low bruises. Over time, the soft tissue or human body has the ability to recover. Repeated exposure to these risk factors, it may interfere with the bodys normal healing process, resulting in a disproportionate response, and lead to cause harm to humans (Alli, B. O., 2001).Ergonomic injury or MSD can mask the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage and intervertebral discs. They can be directly or indirectly related to job duties or work environment. Non- work activities and the environment will also affect the MSD. For example, the general staff may spend 6-8 hours a days data processor work. With features such as online shopping, paying bills online, and sends the emails. The employee may spend 2-4 hours daily extension his or her personal computer for sending and receiving e-mail. When the steps we spend more and more time each day on the computer , we h ave taken to ensure that our computers ( both in work and at home ) is set up to prevent these musculoskeletal disorders is imperative (Ayoub, M. M., Mital, A.,1989).Ergonomics is in already using various products, facility and production system extensively in the mechanical industry (Auburn Engineers, 1993). For example, driving car is an integration of people machine environmental system, driver should first find out about environment (rate of traffic flow, stream of people, traffic light, and sign) and status of car such as speed, engine temperature, pressure, oil level, etc. The driver has interaction with car control system for perfect driving.In addition to make the driver drive car with safe and comfortable, driver should sort out drivers seat. Furthermore, the vehicle designer should follow the human measurements, physiology, psychological characteristics while designing the car.3. Example of Improvement of Screw Driver Design in Accordance with Ergonomics RuleScrewdr iver is one of the most frequently used hand tools now, no matter is nearly indispensable tool in the factory or family, but when a person use screwdrivers, its main purpose may be to fasten into and back-out the screw, the homework involves the repetitiveness work of the hand, it crook back of especially wrist (Backs, R. W., Boucsein, W., 2000), palm crooking etc. The People/workers frequently use of screwdriver is easily to cause the accumulating muscle skeleton injuring or hand injury such as wrist bone tunnel syndrome (CTS).For general screwdriver, it is a combination of a handle, a shaft, and a tip. The tip can be inserted into the head of the screw to fasten it into or back-out from a board, or wall.Figure 1. Screwdriver Design Before ImprovementFigure 2. Screwdriver Design After improvementAccording to ergonomics, the new screwdriver design make the shaft with more greatly spraining strength, and then let user feel comfortable to hold the screwdriver and efficiency in use ( Bahr, N. J., 1997) (Campbell, A., 2000).The ergonomics design includes the change of materials of handle. Use cartilaginous material to replace hard plastic or metal. The soft rubbery material provides strong friction between the handle of screwdriver and hand to prevent the fracture whiles the use.The size and shape of handle should also be changed. In accordance with ergonomics, the size and shape of handle should befit the human wrist. It makes the people easily to hold the screwdriver with more comfortable and less fatigue (Green, J., 1997).The result of modification of screwdriver designs (based on ergonomic rules) is(1)Increase the comfortableness when screwdrivers are held.(2)Flexibility degree, efficiency and torsion increasing while the use of screwdriver.(3)Reduce the probability of accumulating injury of the hand.4. Example of Improvement of Computer Desk in Accordance with Ergonomics RuleAccording to the literature, there are a considerable mo of computer operators c omplain about the long- endpoint use of computer generated body discomfort,Including eye irritation affected eye feel pressure, keyboard or desk height non suitable for the operator and cause limbs stiff, these can lead to injury or damage to persons of the body, not only affect their health, but also reduce the work efficiency (Hanna, S. R., Konz, S., 2004).In accordance with ergonomics rules (Barling, J., Frone, M. R., 2004), computer desk should be designed to have a tilt angle, it allowing users to use the computer in the long term (Haas, E., Edworthy, J., 2003), and feel more comfortable in sitting job. The improved design also increases the work efficiency, but user doesnt feel more saddle or fatigue.In addition, the height and angle of desk aggrandizement computer desk, with height and angle of display broadcast can also be adjustable to fit the body size of user (Anshel, J., 2005). Easy adjustable desktop computer desk, it allows users to feel more comfortable with les s fatigue while the use of desk top computer (Grandjean, E., 1992).Source http//www.cbs.state.or.us/osha/pdf/ergo/ergoadvantages.pdfFigure 3. Comfortable Setting of Computer DeskThe improvement of desk top computer desk design in accordance with ergonomics rules can benefits users as follows(1) The user can easily adjust the height and angle of desktop computer desk, it make user more comfortable while use of desktop computer.(2) The improvement of desktop computer desk design can reduce the burden/fatigue on the user shoulders, neck, and other parts of the elbow while long-term use of desktop computer.(3) The improvement of desktop computer desk design can reduce the eye fatigue while user long-term confront the monitor.5. Example of Improvement of the Use of Portable Computer/Note Book Computer in Accordance with Ergonomics RulePortable application of computer (Note Book Computer) is already quite popular as desk top computer, especially note book computer is easy to carry and pla ce on the duty table and play as desk top computer. More companies encourage the employee to use of note book computer instead of traditional desk top computer. But, based on the characteristic of the portable computer/note book computer in the design, for example, the keyboard and cover charge cannot separated from the computer, the user is often difficult to keep the good working posture while working. In long-term cases, it may cause muscle and bones straining or other relevant health problems. The improvement for the use of note book computer is needed.User or employee should follow the principles as much as possible while using the portable computer to workPlace the screen in front of the userKeeping the height of screen is the same as users down height as much as possible (Anshel, J., 1998), or the screen is only lower than user sight height slightly (portable computer/note book computer normally set(p) on desk and then the screen being higher than the level of the tabletop )User should takes distance of 350-600 millimeters to the screen of portable computer/note book computer (display screen of 14 inches relatively takes distance of 400 millimeters)User can easily change the slope of screen and then cater to the users needUser should invalidate viewing the screen near window or other light sourcesThe text size should be large, word distance and row spacing should be enough.Use the wrist or mouse cushionPlatform for Portable Computer/Note Book Computer shelf /platformThe employer should provide platform or screen support frame for note book computer user. This can help user to adjust the height of screen at users sight level.External keyboard and mouseThe employer should provide ergonomics compatible external keyboard and mouse to note book computer user. It makes user, more comfortable and less fatigue (Jacko, J. A., Sears, A., 2003). down the stairs many circumstances, external keyboard and mouse are the important accessories for portable computers user in the office. The following are suggestions of the external keyboardThe keyboard is thinner as much as possible, it is much better if the angle of keyboard can be adjusted in order to facilitate the user under different working conditions and postures (Vink, P., 2005)Word and image on the keyboard should be known and easy to recognizeThere are enough spaces that offered support for hand in front of the keyboard.

Overview Of It Infrastructure And Emerging Technologies Information Technology Essay

Overview Of It Infrastructure And Emerging Technologies Information engine room EssayIT al-Qaida consists of a set of physical devices and softw ar applications that are inevitable to operate entire enterprises. But IT infrastructure is also a set of pie-eyed wide services budgeted by attention and comprising of both human and skillful capabilities. These services include the followingComputing platform used to appropriate reckoning services that attach employees, customers and suppliers into a coherent digital environment, including large mainframes, setting, and laptop computers, and personal digital assistance and versed appliances.IT management services that plan and develop the infrastructure, coordinate with the descent units for IT services, manage accounting for the IT expenditure, and pull up stakes project management services.IT standard services that provide the firm and its business units with policy to determine when, how and which information technology leave be used.IT education services which provide gentility in system use to employees and offer managerial training on how to plan for and manage IT investment.IT investigate and development services that provide the firm with research on potential future IT project and investments that could help the firm differentiate itself in the market place.This service platform thought makes it easier to understand the business rank provided by infrastructure investment. For instance, in the US, the real business order of a fully loaded personal computer in operation(p) at 3 gigacycle that costs about $ 1000 or a high speed internet connection is hard to understand without k instantlying who will use it and how it will be used.Define IT infrastructure from both a technology and a services perspective.Technical perspective Defined as the shared technology resources that provide the platform for the firms specialised information system applications. It consists of a set of physical dev ices and computer software applications that are required to operate within the entire enterprise.Service perspective Defined as providing the foundation for serving customers, working with vendors, and managing internal firm business processes. In this sense, IT infrastructure focuses on the services provided by all the ironware and software. IT infrastructure is a set of firm-wide services budgeted by management and comprising of both human and technical capabilities.Information technology infrastructure has the shared technology resources that provide the platform for the firms specific information system applications. IT infrastructure includes investment in computer hardware, software and services such as consulting education, and training that are shared crosswise the entire firm or across business units in the firm. An IT infrastructure firm provides the foundation for serving customers, working with vendors, and managing internal firm business processes.Stages and technol ogy drivers of IT infrastructure evolutionTechnology drivers of IT infrastructure evaluationThe changes in IT infrastructure describes the result in development of computer processing, memory chips, storage devices, tele intercourse and cyberspaceing hardware and software design that have exp onentially increased computer science causality while reducing costs.The term hardware, software and firmware occur frequently in any literature concerned with computer. It is important at the outset to have some understanding of their meanings.HardwarePhysical components in computer circuits, keyboards, disc drivers, disk and printers are all examples of pieces of hardware.Software is a set of instructions, written in specialized language, the execution of which controls the operation of the computer classs.FirmwareIs the permanent storage of programme instruction in hardware. It is usually used to refer to a set of instructions that is permanently encoded on micro-chips.The term firmwar e is used because it is the inseparable conspiracy of hardware and software.(Business information system by Graham Curtis and David Cobham 6th edition 2008).List each of the eras in IT infrastructure evolution and describe its distinguishing characteristics.Five stages of IT infrastructure evolution includeGeneral-purpose mainframe and minicomputer era (1959 to present)Personal computer era (1981 to present)Client/server era (1983 to present)Enterprise computer science era (1992 to present) paygrade of infrastructureThe IT infrastructure in organisations today is an out harvest of over fifty years of evolution in calculation plate forms. There have been quint stages in this evolution, each representing a different configuration of computing power and infrastructure elements. The five eras are general purpose mainframe and minicomputer computing, personal computer, thickening/server ne twainrks, enterprise computing and befog computing.Infrastructure componentsIT infrastructur e today is composed of 7 major components. These components constitute investment that must be unified with one an other to provide the firm with a coherent infrastructure.Describe the evolving busy platform, grid computing, and cloud computing.Mobile platform more(prenominal) and more business computing is moving from PCs and desktop machines to expeditious devices like cell phones and smart phones. Data infections, weather vane surfing, e-mail and instant messaging, digital content displays, and data exchanges with internal corporate systems are all available through a mobile digital platform. Net books, small low-cost comfortableweight subnotebooks that are optimized for wireless communication and Internet access code, are included.The emerging mobile digital platformAs computing increasingly take place over the network, new mobile digital computing platform has emerging communication devices such as cell phone and smart phone, the blackberry and iphone, taking on many fu nctions of hand held computers, including transmission of data, surfing the web, transmitting email and instant messages, displaying digital content, and exchanging data with internal cooperated system. The new mobile platform also includes small low cost light weight sub note books called net books optimized for wireless communication and internet access, with core computing function such as a word processing, and digital e book readers such as amazon, kindle with some web access capabilities. More and more business computing is moving from PCs and desktop machines to these mobile devices managers are increasingly apply these devices to coordinate work and communicate with employees.GRID computingGrid computing connects geographically remote computers into a single network to create a virtual supercomputer by combining the computational power of all computers on the grid.Grid computing takes advantage of the fact that most computers in the United States use their central processin g units on average only 25% of the time for the work they have been assigned, leaving these idle resources available for other processing tasks. Grid computing was impossible until high speed internet connection enabled forms to connect remote machines economically and move enormous quantities of data.Grid computing requires software programmes to control and allocate resources on the grid. Client software communicates with a server software application. The server software breaks data and application code into chunks that are than parcelled out to the grids machines. The client machine can perform their traditional task while running grid application in the background. The business case for using grid computing involves cost saving speed of computation agility. For example, Royal Dutch/Shell group is using a scalable grid computing platform that improves the accuracy and the speed of its scientific postureling applications to find the best oil reservoirs.Cloud computingCloud comp uting a model of computing where firms and individuals obtain computing power and software applications over the Internet, rather than purchasing their own hardware and software. Data are stored on powerful servers in ample data centres, and can be accessed by anyone with an Internet connection and standard Web browser.The growing bandwidth power of the internet has pushed the client/server model one step further, towards what is called the cloud computing model . Cloud computing refers to a model of computing where firms and individuals obtain computing power and software application over the internet, rather than purchasing their own hardware and software. Currently cloud computing is the fastest growing form of computing, with an estimated market size in 2009 of $8 billion, and a projected size of $160 billion 2012.In Cloud computing hardware and software capabilities are provided as services on the internet. Data is permanently stored in remote servers in massive data centre an d accessed and updated over the internet using clients that include desktop, notebook, entertainment centre net book and mobile devices. For example, google application provides common business application online that are accessed from a web browser, while the software and user data are stored on the server. Since organisations using cloud computing generally do not own the infrastructure, they do not have to make large investments in their own hardware and software. Instead, they purchase their computing services from remote providers and pay only for the amount of computing power that is actually used.Some analysts believed that cloud computing represents a sea change in the way computing will be performed by corporations, as business computing shift out of private data centres into the cloud computing is more immediately appealing to small and medium size business that lack resources to purchase and own their own hardware and software. However large corporations have broad inves tment complex proprietary systems supporting unique business process, some of which give them strategic advantages. The most likely is a hybrid computing model where firms will use their own infrastructure for their most essential core activities and adopt cloud computing for a less critical system. Cloud computing will gradually shift firm from having a fixed infrastructure capacity toward a more flexible infrastructure, some of it owned by the firm and some of it rented from joint computing centres owned by computer hardware winders.Current trends in computer hardware platforms?Computer hardware platformIn 2008,285 million PCs were shifted worldwide, with a market value or $253 billion. There were Investments of more than US$ 18 billion in hardware manufacturing in India including telecoms hardware. This has stoked expectations of a hardware boom. These components include client machines (desktop PCs, mobile computing devices such as I-phones and blackberrys, and laptops)and serve r machine. The server market is more complex, using mostly Intel or AMD process in the form of blade servers on racks. Blade servers are ultrathin computers consisting of a circuit board with a processor, memory and network connection that are store in a rack.The supply of computer hardware has increasingly become concentrated in top firms such as IBM, HP, DELL, SUNMICRO system, three chip producers, Intel AMD and IBM. The industry has jointly settled on Intel as the standard processer, with major exceptions in the server market for Unix and Linux machine, which might use sun or IBM Unix processer.Businesses can benefit from involuntary computing, virtualization, and multicore processors.Autonomic computingBenefits of autonomic computing include systems that automatically do the followingConfigure themselvesOptimize and tune themselvesHeal themselves when brokenProtect themselves from after-school(prenominal) intruders and self-destructionReduce maintenance costsReduce downtime f rom system crashesVirtualizationBenefits of server virtualization includeRun more than one operating system at the alike(p) time on a single machine.Increase server consumption rates to 70 percent or higher.Reduce hardware expenditures. Higher utilization rates translate into fewer computers required to process the same amount of work.Mask server resources from server users.Reduce power expenditures.Run legacy applications on older versions of an operating system on the same server as newer applications.Facilitate centralization of hardware administration.Multicore processorsBenefits of multi-core processorsCost savings by reducing power requirements and hardware sprawlLess costly to maintain as fewer systems need to be monitored.Performance and productivity benefits beyond the capabilities of todays single-core processors.Handle the exponential growth of digital data and the globalization of the Internet.Meet the demands of sophisticated software applications under development.Ru n applications more efficiently than single-core processors giving users the ability to keep working however while running the most processor intensive task in the background.Increase performance in areas such as data mining, mathematical analysis, and Web serving.Current trends in software platformsDefine and describe open source software and Linux and explain their business benefits.Open-source software provides all computer users with necessitous access to the program code so they can modify the code, fix errors in it, or make improvements. Open-source software is not owned by any company or individual. A global network of programmers and users manage and modify the software. By definition, open-source software is not restricted to any specific operating system or hardware technology. Several large software companies are converting some of their commercial programs to open source.Linux is the most well-known open-source software. Its a UNIX-like operating system that can be do wnloaded from the Internet, free of charge, or purchased for a small fee from companies that provide additional tools for the software. It is reliable, compactly designed, and capable of running on many different hardware platforms, including servers, handheld computers, and consumer electronics. Linux has become popular during the past few years as a robust low-cost alternative to UNIX and the Windows operating system.Thousands of open-source programs are available from hundreds of Web sites. Businesses can choose from a range of open-source software including operating systems, office suites, Web browsers, and games. Open-source software allows businesses to reduce the total cost of ownership. It provides more robust software thats often more secure than proprietary software.Declining communications costs and the internet.A fourth technology driver transforming IT infrastructure is the rapid decline in the costs of communication and exponential growth in the size of the internet. An estimated 1.5 billion people worldwide now have internet access. The exponentially declining cost of communication both over the internet and over telephone network (which increasingly are based on the internet). As communication costs falls towards very small numbers and approach zero, utilization of communication and computing facilities explodes. To take advantage of the business value associated with the internet, firms must greatly expand the power of their clients/server networks, desktop clients, and mobile computing devices. There is every crusade to believe these trends will continue. One reason for the growth in the internet population is the rapid decline in internet connection and overall communication cost. The cost per kilo bits of internet access has fallen exponentially since 1995. Digital subscriber line DSL and cable modems now deliver kilobits of communication for a retail price of around two cents.Standards and network effectsTodays enterprise infrastructure and internet computing would be impossible both now and in the future-without agreements among manufacturers and widespread consumer acceptance of technology standards. Technology standards are specifications that establish the compatibility of product and the ability to communicate in a network.Technology standard unleashing powerful economy of scale and resulting in price declines has resulted in manufacturers focussing on the product built to a single standard. Without these economies of scale, computing of any sort would be far more expensive than currently is the case.In the 1990s, corporations started moving towards standard computing and communication plate forms. Windows PC with the windows operating system and micro soft office desktop productivity applications became the standard desktop and mobile client computing platform. Widespread adoption of the UNIX has made possible the replacement of proprietary and expensive main frame infrastructure. In telecommunications, the E thernet standard enabled PCs to connect together in small local area network, and TCP/IP standard enable these LANs to be connected into firm-wide networks, and ultimately, to the internet.

The Progressive Era Essay example -- essays research papers

The Progressive EraProgressivism in the United States took place in the period between theSpanish-American War and the entry of the United States into the great World War.It was a time for change in America in all walks of life, as well as a time forreform. It was marked by Theodore Roosevelts 7 and a half years in office, theRough Rider put it upon himself to make the first strides towards reform. Thesereforms include the cracking down on illegal monopolies and so forth. Duringthis era large cities transformed into large metropolises, small towns intolarge cities and new towns sprang up nearly everywhere. Reforms as well includedthe seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth amendments. The progressive erareally had significant impact in Americas history.The progressive movement had many origins. One of these was the battleagainst governing bodyal depravity and inability, in other words a struggle forcivil services reform. The progressive movement was initiated by liberals inboth p olitical parties, the fight for government reform can be traced back toLiberal Republicans(An Oxymoron, Mr. Jetel?) during the Grant administration andMugwumps. Citizens were enraged, with big taskes growing influence in allbranches of government and sought ship canal to purify it.Big Business was also a target of progressivism. During this timepresidents like Roosevelt and William Howard Taft tried to regulate and controlbig business. Many well meliorate people of the time, as well as moderatelyprosperous businessmen and members of other professions(middle class) feltthreatened by the increasing power of big business and the tycoons. These peoplewere also disturbed by the Big business influence in politics, making a mockeryof the democratic system. Then with the failure of the interstate mercantile system actand the Sherman act, made big business look unstoppable. As the middle class inAmerica began to develop and grow, they gained power. They were the people whowanted change an d finally they won with the start of progressivism.Ida Tarbell, Upton Sinclair, and Henry Lloyd all made significantcontributions to the start of the Progressive movement with their writings.These people and others similar to them were labeled as muckrakers. TheseMuck... ...ormally in American society. Because of thestereotype they were regulated to minimal paying unskilled jobs. Blacks on theother hand made great strides during the Progressive era. Blacks wanted to beequal and parent them selves up in their own way instead of conforming to whitesociety as Washington suggested. They marched on Washington and demanded theunrestricted right to voter turnout as well as an end to all forms of segregation,equality of economic opportunity, higher education, equal justice in courts andan end to trade union discrimination. These demands horny many whites abroadand set the groundwork for the civil rights movement. Blacks also became proudof themselves forming organizations to create pri de for black heritage.The Progressive era came about as the event of several motives. Theforces behind it ranged from the common man to the politicians as well asintellectuals. The eras true progress is sometimes contended, while in someinstances reform measures did stick to about. Big business finally became somewhatregulated and the governmental power somewhat shifted back to the people. Theprogressive era evidently shaped up to be quite a significant part of ourhistory.

The Character of No-one in Twenty-Thousand Leagues Under the Sea Essay

The Character of No-one in Twenty-Thousand Leagues Under the Sea Alan Quatermain, sitting hunched over and delirious from opium withdrawal, has been taken aboard a huge submersible vessel. The senescence adventurer says, P-please. I feel so sick. Need my medicine. A cold voice answers him, You be aboard my ship, sir, and my remedies are bitter. Quatermain turns, with his eyes rolled back, teeth clenched, and streams of endeavour rolling off of his face, and he says, Who said that? ... I see you only dimly, sir. If you are real and not some opium djinn sent to torment me, tell me who you are A turbaned man with a long beard and curled mustache, his eyes dark with the weight of years of exploring the depths of the oceans, exploring the unknown, and seeking vengeance with a despise that consumed him but that he controlled, looked down upon Quatermain and answered, No-one. master copy Nemo truly is no one. He expresses no nationality or loyalty but to himself and the oceans. In the original novel, Twenty-Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, create verbally by Jules Verne, Nemo says, Professor, I am not what you call a civilized man I hurl done with society entirely, for reasons which I alone have the right of appreciating. I do not therefore obey its laws, and I desire you never to allude to them before me again The narrator, Professor Aronnax, states, This was said plainly. A flash of angerand disdain kindled in the eyes of the Unknown, and I had a glimpse of a terrible past in the life of this man (73). Captain Nemo is outside of society, living deep in the oceans he is the terror of the unknown. His ship, the Nautilus, is thought to be a sea monster, and the legend is talked abo... ...best of humanity, and he showed the worst that the best of us can do. Bibliography Allott, Kenneth. Chapter III 1863-1870. New York The Macmillan Co., 1941. Buzard, James, Linda K. Hughes. The Victorian Nation and its Others and 1870. A Companion to Victorian Literature and Culture. Ed. Herbert F. Tucker. Malden Blackwell Publishers, 1999. 35-50, 438-455. Cappetti, Diana, Julie Lewis, Michael Mullen. Late Nineteenth Century Poets. Diss. FGCU, 2001. Moore, Alan, Kevin ONeill. The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen. Canada Americas dress hat Comics, L.L.C., 2000. Verne, Jules. Captain Nemo. New York Vincent Parke and Co., 1911. Verne, Jules. Twenty-thousand Leagues Under the Sea. Cleveland The World Publishing Co., 1946. Island of Dr. Moreau, H.G. Wells. Diss. FGCU, 2001.